1969 was when it all began, the same year Genovese passed away in prison. Gigantes father was a laborer, and the family lived in a tenement building. Your email address will not be published. Your email address will not be published. Gigante attended Catholic school and was a good student. [25] While in prison, he maintained his role as boss of the Genovese family, while other mobsters were entrusted to run the day-to-day activities of the family; Gigante relayed orders to the crime family through his son, Andrew, who visited him in prison. Gigante started out as a professional boxer who fought in 25 matches between 1944 and 1947. By Gigante was said to continue to run the Genovese family from prison until 2003. The New York Police Department put 66 detectives on the case, and soon the doorman identified Vincent Gigante as the shooter. If someone needed to refer to him, they were to mention his name under no circumstance. After learning about Vincent Gigante, discover some of the deadliest Mafia hitmen of all time. Judge rules NYPD cop, who already sold his house, can keep Georgia player under fire after racist remark during 2023 NFL Draft on livestream, Dad of crying infant that triggered Texas massacre 'never thought' gunman would shoot, Megyn Kelly sports red MAGA-style hat in poolside pic, After legal weed, NYC's once-wild 4/20 party just another boring street fair, How a retired detective snared his seventh 'Torso Killer' confession, Gayle King says she doesnt have a desire to retire: I want more work, WNBA star Brittney Griner is heading to the Met Gala, Mariah Carey celebrates Moroccan and Monroes 12th birthday: My babies, NY Post Sports Reporter Zach Braziller breaks down the Knicks game 1 loss to the Heat, Kendall Jenner rocks sheer top, fur mini skirt for date night with Bad Bunny. Gigante went above and beyond to avoid prosecution with his plan to fake mental illness and insanity. In 1959, Gigante and Genovese would both be convicted in federal court on charges of heroin trafficking. The Oddfather dodged conviction for years with his unprecedented crazy act, where Gigante walked the streets outside his Greenwich Village headquarters in the garb of a mental patient a ratty robe, slippers and a floppy cap. Nonetheless, no one has confirmed anything about the fan theories yet. He is also mentioned in the song Aint No Love by the Notorious BIG. For instance, Andrew faced up to 20 years in prison had he gone to trial. His mysterious and intimidating persona has been featured in some of the most famous works of popular culture. At his 1997 trial, Judge Jack B. Weinstein of Federal District Court in Brooklyn sentenced Gigante to less than half of the time he was eligible to receive for the racketeering crimes he was convicted of, and he was acquitted of three "gangland slayings," per the New York Times. Vincent Gigante does not have a daughter named Stella. Between 1944 and 1947, Gigante competed as a professional light heavyweight boxer under the moniker The Chin. His mothers thick Italian accent pronouncing his name as in Chinzenzo gave him the nickname The Chin.. During the shop steward's testimony, he identified Chin Gigante, his brother Mario, as well as his late father, also named Ralph, as reputed Genovese mobsters who hung out at the Triangle Social Club, in the same Greenwich Village neighborhood where he grew up. He had four brothers, Mario, Pasquale, and Ralph, who followed him into a life of organized crime, and Louis, who became a Catholic priest at St. Athanasius Church in the South Bronx and city councilman. Gigante got his start in organized crime as a teen protege to Vito Genovese, a leader of the Genovese crime family from the 1930s through the 1960s, per the New York Times. Gigante married Olympia Grippa in 1950 when he was 22 years old. Even with the doormans identification, however, prosecutors couldnt secure a conviction since Costello maintained that he could not identify his attacker, and without a positive identification, Gigante was acquitted. There is an incident in the series when Stella visits Teddy's family for the first time. [1] Gigante's lawyers got testimony and reports from psychiatrists that from 1969 to 1995 Gigante had been confined 28 times in hospitals for treatment of hallucinations and that he suffered from "dementia rooted in organic brain damage". [24], On December 18, 1997, Gigante was sentenced to 12 years in prison and fined $1.25 million by judge Jack B. Weinstein, a lenient sentence due to Gigante's "age and frailty", who declared that Gigante had been " finally brought to bay in his declining years after decades of vicious criminal tyranny". Vincent Gigante was paroled after five years, and Genovese died a few years later, in 1969, the same year Gigante began his notorious, decades-long ruse. However, the incident was enough to force Costello into retirement. "If the company doesn't make money, we got to lay people off. Vincent is a paranoid schizophrenic. She was quick to immerse herself in the history that inspired her greatly. For years throughout these trials, Gigantes lawyers presented concocted evidence of Gigantes unfitness, but in 1996, the federal judge in the case had enough, ruling that Gigante was mentally competent to stand trial. If you look at the police unions, they have a lot of people that follow in that position too Firemen do the same thing.". Fyfe pleaded guilty to embezzling $15,000 in union funds between 2005-08. The character is sort of similar to Frankie Lyons in real life, according to Meaww. Installation companies were required to make union payoffs between $1 and $2 for each windows installed. My deep connection with him comes from having the privilege of mentoring him over the years and helping him through his struggles by introducing spirituality to him.. Vincenzo is the Italian version of Vincent. Now a capo, or captain, in the Genovese family, his higher profile brought a lot more heat than a foot soldier had to contend with, so Gigante went all-out and began his now-infamous pretense of mental illness to avoid prosecution. In 1990 when he and 14 other defendants were indicted on federal charges in Brooklyn for a bid-rigging scheme, Vincent Gigantes elaborate act of insanity was put to the ultimate test. Law enforcement maintained it was all for show, and years later, Gigante admitted as much. Teddy Greene is loosely based on Frankie Lyons and Sam Cooke. Vincent "Chin" Gigante ran New York's Genovese crime family for nearly a quarter-century. When a Mafia turncoat told the feds that Louis Gigante himself was a made man testimony the informant later denied at trial the priest was dismissive. The elaborate pretense of insanity that Vincent Gigante put on for decades was put to its ultimate test in 1990 when he was indicted on federal charges in Brooklyn along with 14 other defendants for a bid-rigging scheme for multi-million dollar contracts with the New York City Housing Authority to install new windows in public housing units. A bathrobe-clad Vincent The Chin Gigante in custody and placed under arrest. The Bronx priest whose brother was oddball Genovese crime-family boss Vincent "The Chin'' Gigante has died at age 90. Gigante's usual weekly salary comes to a nice round $7,738.50. The only time that Vincent (Chin) Gigante and John Gotti ever talked business as rival Mafia bosses, Chin made sure to tell Gotti how surprised and saddened he was to learn that the Dapper Don was going to induct his son into the Gambino crime family. In an exciting turn of events, Gigante eventually, after more than four decades of pretense, admitted to fabricating his mental illness. [21][1] At sanity hearings in March 1996, Sammy "The Bull" Gravano, former underboss of the Gambino crime family, who became a cooperating witness in 1991,[22] and Alphonse "Little Al" D'Arco, former acting boss of the Lucchese family, testified that Gigante was lucid at top-level Mafia meetings and that he had told other gangsters that his eccentric behavior was a pretense. Vincent Chin Gigante in custody after his failed assassination attempt on Genovese crime family leader, Frank Costello. Godfather daughter Stella and Teddy ( Source : youtube ). Actress Lucy Fry plays Stella Gigante in Godfather of Harlem. The charade went on for years, with one insanity hearing after another derailing the trial. Mug shot of Cirillo taken in 1990. By the 1950s, Vincent Gigante had risen to become a full-time gangster, working as an enforcer for the Genovese family, where his career in the Mafia began to ascend to historic heights. But, in the end, his battles away from the spotlight eventually became his legacy. He was never seen in public again and died of natural causes in 1973. In the end, It didnt matter. Vincent Gigante was born in New York in 1928, one of five boys whose parents immigrated from Naples, Italy in 1921, according to the Village Voice. Somehow, he managed to avoid facing serious charges during this period. This is based on an hourly rate of $33, using of course, the aforementioned overtime rates that PNMR has been paying him since he was elected by acclamation for the shop steward's position back in 1995. While some stories say that Gigante got his nickname, "Chin," during his early years when he was a boxer because he had a "glass jaw" meaning, a vulnerable place for his opponent to strike National Crime Syndicate and What New York report that the name was a derivative of his given name, which would be spelled in Italian asVincenzo, pronounced with a "ch" sound where the letter C is, and his mom shortened it, as moms do, toCinzino which would sound like "Ch-inzino" or even shorter, "Chin.". Gigante was born in New York City to Italian immigrants from Naples, Salvatore Gigante, a watchmaker, and Yolanda Gigante (ne Scotto), a seamstress. His power and influence within the Genovese family grew over the next decade or so and, according to mob informers, Vincent Gigante took over complete control of the family in a peaceful transition following the retirement of the Genovese family boss, Philip Lombardo, due to declining health. Vincent Gigante, also known as The Chin or The Oddfather, was arguably one of the most powerful crime bosses in American crime history. "I go in between. January 26, 2002 5:00am The son whom Vincent "The Chin" Gigante allegedly used to run his powerful mob family from behind bars must cut off all contact with his crazy-acting father, a judge. [1], On April 13, 1986, Gambino crime family underboss Frank DeCicco was killed when his car was bombed following a visit to Paul Castellano loyalist James Failla. Mugshot of Vincent Gigante taken in 1960. All of his children, including two daughters. [10], In January 1987, Salerno was sentenced to 100 years in prison for racketeering, along with top members of the other New York families, as part of the Mafia Commission Trial. Contributors control their own work and posted freely to our site. [1][6] He often stayed at his mother's apartment in Greenwich Village. Four of the five New York crime families, including the Genovese family, had manipulated bids for 75% of the $191 million in window contracts that the New York City Housing Authority granted between 1978 and 1990. Although many events and storyline in the series is based on a true story, the character of Stella is made up by the director by a composite of several similar personalities. The poster boy for the working family legacy of Chin Gigante - and the main witness at a Commission hearing last month - is Ralph Gigante, a 55-year-old Gigante nephew who earned about $400,000 last year. His position as a capo now meant he had been bumped higher on law enforcements priority list he had now become a bigger fish in a smaller pond. The 77-year-old boss of the Genovese . Reputed Mafia kingpin Vincent "Chin" Gigante, left, leaves his apartment in New York, Tuesday, July 1, 1997, en route to his trial in federal court. He fought 25 matches and lost four, boxing 117 rounds. Gigante ended up serving five years in prison after a 1960 narcotics conspiracy charge stuck, the New York Times reported. In the 1940s, however, Lucianos luck in the U.S. finally ran out and after a brief stint in prison, he was deported back to Italy. No one was to say his name, instead they were to touch their chin or form the letter C with their hand if they ever needed to refer to him. [23] On July 25, 1997, after almost three days of deliberations, the jury convicted Gigante of conspiring in plots to kill other mobsters and of running rackets as head of the Genovese family. This was all going down in the mid- to late-1980s, when Gigante was becoming more powerful in the world of organized crime as the Genovese family boss. At its peak, the Genovese criminal organization, under Gigantes direction, made almost $100 million annually. The couple had five children together, according to My Heritage. (MICHAEL SCHMELLING/AP), I have had the honor of watching Vincent grow from a little boy into the man he is, she wrote in a five-paragraph letter. Also, the storyline of the love life between his daughter and a black individual has not happened in the real world. It breaks down this way: Eight hours is figured at "straight time," 13 hours is paid at the usual time-and-a-half overtime rate, and three hours a day is computed at "double time.". Though an able boxer, it would be his battles outside of the ring that would quickly become his lifes work. Who Is Vincent Gigante Daughter Stella Gigante? In his testimony before the commission on October 21, Gigante did his best to be honest and forthcoming: He acknowledged that he expects to earn a bit more this year because he recently received a $3-an-hour raise. Young Gigante became involved with Vito Genovese, a reputable mafia boss, and later became the latters protge. According to a 2011 report by Jerry Capeci, Gigante's relatives earn nearly $2 million a year as employees of companies on the New Jersey waterfront. Vincent Gigantes journey is unforgettable, from his humble beginnings in the Lower East Side of New York to his rise to power in the mafia. The many doctors and nurses that attended to him through these years were more than enough alibi for him. He didnt even have to forge psychiatric reports. [1], In August 1996, senior judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, Eugene Nickerson, ruled that Gigante was mentally competent to stand trial; he pleaded not guilty and had been free for years on $1 million bail. This included ordering a hit against John Gotti, who became the boss of the Gambino crime family after he had the previous family boss, Paul Castellano, killed in 1985. Gigantes family heavily underscored the hoax that would go on for decades to come, especially with Gigantes younger brother, Louis, who was also a Catholic priest, staunchly backing his story. Mob boss Vincent "The Chin" Gigante, 77, the powerful Mafioso who avoided jail for decades by feigning mental illness, died Monday at the federal prison in Springfield, Mo. Vincent Louis Gigante (/dnti/; March 29, 1928 - December 19, 2005), also known as "the Chin", was an American mobster who was boss of the Genovese crime family from 1981 to 2005 in New York City. But Gigante wasn't just another mob stereotype. Last updated on January 27th, 2023 at 08:00 pm. He was willing to go all out in his effort to thwart culpability as the leader of a crime family. Before Luciano could fully reap the fruits of his labor, he ran out of luck and was charged with 62 charges of compulsory prostitution. Reputed Mafia kingpin Vincent "Chin" Gigante, left, leaves his apartment in New York, Tuesday, July 1, 1997, en route to his trial in federal court. Vincent Gigante was arrested and was tried for attempted murder in 1958. In Martin Scorseses hit movie Goodfellas, Gigante is portrayed by actor Frank Vincent, who provides an unforgettable performance. Yet, John S. Pritchard 3rd, a former F.B.I. Gigante didnt stop at that. [1] On May 30, 1990, Gigante was indicted along with other members of four of the New York crime families for conspiring to rig bids and extort payoffs from contractors on multimillion-dollar contracts with the New York City Housing Authority to install windows. His mentor, however, wasnt as lucky as he would pass on in prison in 1969. Later that year, the sentencing judge in Gigantes case said, He is a shadow of his former self, an old man finally brought to bay in his declining years after decades of vicious criminal tyranny.. But before he became the boss of the Genovese crime family in 1981, Gigante was under the wing of mentor . Born in New York City in 1928, Vincent Gigante was one of five sons of Salvatore and Yolanda Gigante, both first-generation immigrants from the Italian city of Naples. His legacy as one of the most powerful mob bosses in American history will live on for years. The promotion, however, wasnt all good news to Gigante. [34] The New York Times organized-crime reporter and mob historian Selwyn Raab described Gigante's plea deal as an "unprecedented capitulation" for a Mafia boss; it was almost unheard of for a boss to even consider pleading guilty. Gigante's father was a laborer, and the family lived in a tenement building. Lucy stated that it was hard for her to shoot the scenes because it made her realize how hard were in the past. Despite carrying the surname of Vito Genovese, the Genovese crime family wasnt founded by him. Gigante started out as a professional boxer who fought in 25 matches between 1944 and 1947. Entering federal prison at age 69 and completing the initial 12-year term was tenuous at best, and with the extra three years tacked on, he wasn't likely to get out until he was 84 years old. Costello, being a principled gangster, refused to squeal, and Gigante got more street cred. [1] Gigante was the shooter in the failed assassination of longtime Luciano boss Frank Costello in 1957. [1], In early 1957, Genovese decided to move on Luciano family boss Frank Costello. Mr. Gigante, head of . [1] Gigante had another cardiac operation in December 1996. [24] Prosecutors stated that the verdict finally established that Gigante was not mentally ill as his lawyers and relatives had long maintained. This happened when he was presented with a plea deal to reduce his sentence. Gigante was sentenced to seven years about half of Genoveses sentence after the sentencing judge read a slew of letters attesting to Gigantes good character and work on behalf of New York City youth. The Rev. Under Gigantes leadership, this powerhouse criminal enterprise brought in around $100 million a year at its height, making it the most lucrative Mafia enterprise in American history. Fyfes mother is Rita Gigantes sister, Yolanda, and Rita offered fond recollections of her nephew. Judge Weinstein said of Gigante, "He is a shadow of his former self, an old man finally brought to bay in his declining years after decades of vicious criminal tyranny. Furthermore, Greene's mother points these things out to her. Finally, after a back-and-forth that lasted for half a decade, the presiding judge eventually ruled against Gigantes insanity plea. Another provision of the plea agreement stipulated that any relatives who helped in his deceptionincluding his wife, mistress and Father Louiswould not be charged with obstruction of justice. Rita Gigante one of the Chins six kids with his wife praised the mob informant for his unflinching honesty despite a family history with generational ties to organized crime. But her character in Godfather of Harlem is based on true events of Vincent's life. Five years after his incarceration, Gigante got out on parole. However, he had a rebellious streak and often got into trouble. The fruit of late Genovese crime family boss Vincent "Chin" Gigante's twisted family tree is back for one last court date. [1] With Lombardo's support, Gigante became boss of the Genovese family. Stella Gigante Played by Lucy Fry in Godfather of Harlem, 10 Best Family Camping Movies of All Time, Top 10 Fun Things To Do On Memorial Day Weekend, 10 Safest Countries To Visit With Family For Vacation. Vincent Gigante with his parents Yolanda Gigante and Salvatore Gigante in court. Genovese won the youngsters love when he paid for a medical procedure for his mother. He was able to provide a detailed description of one of the assailants. Aware of all these, Gigante began to hatch an elaborate plan to get the cops off his back so he could perform his duties in the family without any hassle. Required fields are marked *. He then started working as a Mafia enforcer for what was then the Luciano crime family, forerunner of the Genovese family. Al Aumuller/Library of CongressIn 1951, Frank Costello testified before the Kefauver Committee during its investigation of organized crime. With plenty of love to go around, Vincent Gigante included some of his family in his business affairs. In 1959, he was sentenced to seven years in prison for drug trafficking, and after sharing a prison cell with Costello's rival, Vito Genovese, Gigante became a caporegime overseeing his own crew of Genovese soldiers and associates who operated out of Greenwich Village. Stella Gigante falls in love with a young African-American musician named Teddy Greene. "I represent both the company and the men," he said under questioning by Commissioner Ronald Goldstock. Vincent Gigante, commonly referred to as "The Chin," was the head of the New York-based Genovese crime family from 1981 to 2005. [4], He maintained a residence in Old Tappan, New Jersey, with his wife Olympia Grippa, whom he married in 1950, and their five children, Andrew, Salvatore, Yolanda, Roseanne, and Rita. Genovese might have been loyal, but loyalty only goes so far for an ambitious man. Vincent Gigantes influence on pop culture is undeniable. Bettmann/Getty ImagesVincent The Chin Gigante enters a car after he was arrested along with several other top mob figures. He hallucinates. In real life, Vincent only has six daughters and none of them are named Stella. But Gigante described his role as a "liaison" between the workers and their bosses. The grandson of a notorious New York mobster has become the mayor of a sleepy village. One of which was commissioned a mob hit on John Gotti, the Gambino family patriarch. He was the youngest of five children and grew up in a poor but close-knit family. Vincent Gigante daughter Stella Gigante is played by actress Lucy Fry in Godfather of Harlem. In the years after he got out, he was promoted from a foot soldier to a capo or captain. Prosecutors accused him of continuing to rule his family from prison, and that he used Andrew to funnel messages to the family. Stella develops the guts to rebel against her father despite coming from a family where interracial partnerships are not accepted openly. [3] Gigante graduated from Public School 3 in West Village, Manhattan and later attended Textile High School, but dropped out. Everyone whos so filled with anger about these suspects should ask themselves, what if this were my son, wouldnt I want him helped? the priest said at the time. Through the years, his eccentricity and formidability have been featured in several films, television shows, and other media. Born the youngest of five boys to immigrant Italian parents, Gigante grew up with his family in Greenwich Village. The taller girl on the left is Aunt Emma. Historydefined.net is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com, Copyright 2023 History Defined | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme. He also ordered the failed murder attempt of Gambino crime family boss John Gotti in 1986. Partly because he wandered the streets of Greenwich Village in an elaborate performance of insanity, Mafia boss Vincent Chin Gigante eluded prosecution for decades as a supposedly unstable and incompetent man. Instead, he had amassed enough notoriety to earn himself a place as an enforcer in the family. His videos have earned him close to 2 million followers on the platform. They come to me, or my men will come to me" with problems. Fyfe is the son of the former Yolanda. In 1969, Gigante was indicted in New Jersey for a bribery scheme in which members of the Old Tappan Police Department would tip him off whenever he was being surveilled. Philip Gigante, 41, whose grandfather Vincent 'The Chin' Gigante was the head of the Genovese crime family . [30] Federal prosecutor Roslynn R. Mauskopf had planned to play tapes showing him "fully coherent, careful and intelligent," running crime operations from prison. In 1951, Frank Costello testified before the Kefauver Committee during its investigation of organized crime. Rita is a lesbian woman and her love story during that time would be controversial for the mob family. Powerful Mafia boss Vito Genovese soon took a liking to the young Gigante and became his mentor. For his part, Father Louis denied being involved in organized crime in any way, denied his family had any involvement in organized crime, and denied the mafia even existed, saying it was an Italian stereotype, per the Village Voice. The 2023 Met Galas Karl Lagerfeld theme evokes criticism and controversy for some, Public defenders need decent pay: New York City is paying cops even more as lawyers for the poor fall further behind, Aiding NYCs seniors this month and every month: Highlighting the Adams administrations Cabinet for Older New Yorkers, Do Not Sell/Share My Personal Information. As soon as he took the reins of power, Gigante beefed up internal security procedures. The Esposito sisters and brother Vincent were the children of Gigante's long-running relationship with his Upper East Side mistress Olympia Esposito. He has six kids named Rita, Yolanda, Andrew, Salvatore, Roseanne, Carmella and Lucia Esposito Gigante. Gigante also stepped up his public performance of mental incapacity, wandering around Greenwich Village in his pajamas and bathrobe, talking to parking meters, and urinating in the street. [1] Most were dismissed or resolved by fines, except for a 60-day jail-stay for a gambling conviction; during this time, Gigante listed his occupation as a tailor. She is popularly known for her appearance in Bright (2017) and Mr. Church (2016). From the long streak of petty and ruthless crimes committed, it was apparent he was passionate about his mob apprenticeship. It was also during his younger years that he got his first nickname. Gigante's grandson, Vincent Fyfe, will return to Manhattan Federal Court for sentencing on Tuesday after cooperating with the feds against his half-uncle Vincent Esposito . Nicknamed The Chin (which was inspired by his mothers heavy-accented Italian pronunciation of the diminutive of the Italian form of his name), Vincenzo Gigante would go on to win 21 of 25 fights in his brief career. Teddy Green, an aspiring musician in the series, is not a real person. The Bronx priest whose brother was oddball Genovese crime-family boss Vincent The Chin Gigante has died at age 90. Soon after, Vincent Gigante died in prison at the age of 77, following a more than 50-year run as one of Americas most powerful mobsters. [26][27][1], On January 23, 2002, Gigante was indicted with several other mobsters, including his son Andrew, on racketeering and obstruction of justice charges. The mumbling, pajama-wearing, Greenwich Village-walking don died in prison in 2005 after his conviction on charges of racketeering and conspiracy to kill rival mob boss John Gotti. The directors has not spoken up about the basis of her character yet. According to a 1987 article by the Village Voice, Gigante's youngest brother, a prominent Bronx priest named Louis Gigante, was hailed for spearheading a housing project which built or renovated thousands of low-income homes. As the head of one of New York's biggest mafia families, Vincent "The Chin" Gigante wasn't a stranger to crime. Gigante died in 2005 while still serving his time. Vincent Esposito Natan Dvir Vinny "The Chin" Gigante's love child, who is a reputed high-level wiseguy in the Genovese crime family, was handed a two-year prison sentence on Friday for what. And if I can't settle them, it goes to the delegate and the delegate gets it done either one way or the other. With Luciano unable to run point properly from across the world in Italy, he had to appoint a new boss of the family. Vincent Gigante daughter Stella Gigante is not a real person. Before long, the Genovese crime family had grown into one of the countrys largest Mafia organizations. Teddy is detested and hated due to his skin color and is targeted by Chin throughout the entire series. Gigante was very thorough with his ruse. [1] His funeral and burial were held four days later, on December 23, at Saint Anthony of Padua Church in Greenwich Village, largely in anonymity. Stella is not a real person. [17], From 1978 to 1990, four of the five crime families of New York, including the Genovese family, rigged bids for 75 percent of $191 million, or about $142 million, of the window contracts awarded by the New York City Housing Authority. [4] His first professional boxing match was against Vic Chambers on July 18, 1944, in Union City, New Jersey, which he lost; he then fought Chambers a second time at the St. Nicholas Arena on October 6, 1944, and defeated him. The homes that Gigante's parishioners live in senior citizen projects, one- and two-family houses, large and small apartment buildings have been built, to a large extent, by companies owned by or affiliated with top-ranking members of the Genovese organized crime family.". Before the Loving v. 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